Consumer Lending
Description
This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in making unsecured cash loans to consumers. Illustrative Examples: Finance companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans) Personal credit institutions (i.e., unsecured cash loans) Loan companies (i.e., consumer, personal, student, small) Student loan companies
Hierarchy
| Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 52 | Finance and Insurance 2-digit sector | The Sector as a Whole The Finance and Insurance sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in financial transactions (transactions involving the creation, liquidation, or change in ownership of financial assets) and/or in facilitating financial transactions. Three principal types of activities are identified: 1. Raising funds by taking deposits and/or issuing securities and, in the process, incurring liabilities. Establishments engaged in this activity use raised funds to acquire financial assets by making loans and/or purchasing securities. Putting themselves at risk, they channel funds from lenders to borrowers and transform or repackage the funds with respect to maturity, scale, and risk. This activity is known as financial intermediation. 2. Pooling of risk by underwriting insurance and annuities. Establishments engaged in this activity collect fees, insurance premiums, or annuity considerations; build up reserves; invest those reserves; and make contractual payments. Fees are based on the expected incidence of the insured risk and the expected return on investment. 3. Providing specialized services facilitating or supporting financial intermediation, insurance, and employee benefit programs. In addition, monetary authorities charged with monetary control are included in this sector. The subsectors, industry groups, and industries within the Finance and Insurance sector are defined on the basis of their unique production processes. As with all industries, the production processes are distinguished by their use of specialized human resources and specialized physical capital. In addition, the way in which these establishments acquire and allocate financial capital, their source of funds, and the use of those funds provides a third basis for distinguishing characteristics of the production process. For instance, the production process in raising funds through deposit-taking is different from the process of raising funds in bond or money markets. The process of making loans to individuals also requires different production processes than does the creation of investment pools or the underwriting of securities. Most of the Finance and Insurance subsectors contain one or more industry groups of (1) intermediaries with similar patterns of raising and using funds and (2) establishments engaged in activities that facilitate, or are otherwise related to, that type of financial or insurance intermediation. Industries within this sector are defined in terms of activities for which a production process can be specified, and many of these activities are not exclusive to a particular type of financial institution. To deal with the varied activities taking place within existing financial institutions, the approach is to split these institutions into components performing specialized services. This requires defining the units engaged in providing those services and developing procedures that allow for their delineation. These units are the equivalents for finance and insurance of the establishments defined for other industries. The output of many financial services, as well as the inputs and the processes by which they are combined, cannot be observed at a single location and can only be defined at a higher level of the organizational structure of the enterprise. Additionally, a number of independent activities that represent separate and distinct production processes may take place at a single location belonging to a multilocation financial firm. Activities are more likely to be homogeneous with respect to production characteristics than are locations, at least in financial services. The classification defines activities broadly enough that it can be used both by those classifying by location and by those employing a more top-down approach to the delineation of the establishment. Establishments engaged in activities that facilitate, or are otherwise related to, the various types of intermediation are included in multiple subsectors, rather than in a separate subsector dedicated to services alone, because these services are performed by intermediaries, as well as by specialist establishments, and the extent to which the activity of the intermediaries can be separately identified is not clear. Financial industries are extensive users of electronic means for facilitating the verification of financial balances, authorizing transactions, transferring funds to and from transactors' accounts, notifying banks (or credit card issuers) of the individual transactions, and providing daily summaries. Since these transaction processing activities are integral to the production of finance and insurance services, establishments that principally provide a financial transaction processing service are classified in this sector, rather than in the data processing industry in the Information sector. Legal entities that hold portfolios of assets on behalf of others are significant and data on them are required for a variety of purposes. Thus, for NAICS, these funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles are the fifth subsector of the Finance and Insurance sector. These entities earn interest, dividends, and other property income, but have little or no employment and no revenue from the sale of services. Separate establishments and employees devoted to the management of funds are classified in Industry Group 5239, Other Financial Investment Activities. |
| 522 | Credit Intermediation and Related Activities 3-digit subsector | Industries in the Credit Intermediation and Related Activities subsector group establishments that (1) lend funds raised from depositors; (2) lend funds raised from credit market borrowing; or (3) facilitate the lending of funds or issuance of credit by engaging in such activities as mortgage and loan brokerage, clearinghouse and reserve services, and check cashing services. |
| 5222 | Nondepository Credit Intermediation 4-digit industry group | This industry group comprises establishments, both public (government-sponsored enterprises) and private, primarily engaged in extending credit or lending funds raised by credit market borrowing, such as issuing commercial paper or other debt instruments or by borrowing from other financial intermediaries. Within this group, industries are defined on the basis of the type of credit being extended. |
| 52229 | Other Nondepository Credit Intermediation 5-digit NAICS industry | This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in making cash loans or extending credit through credit instruments (except credit cards and sales finance agreements). Illustrative Examples: Consumer finance companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans) Mortgage companies International trade financing Secondary market financing |
| 522291 | Consumer Lending 6-digit U.S. detail | This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in making unsecured cash loans to consumers. Illustrative Examples: Finance companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans) Personal credit institutions (i.e., unsecured cash loans) Loan companies (i.e., consumer, personal, student, small) Student loan companies |
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Classification References
- 01Accepting deposits and lending funds from these deposits--are classified in Industry Group 5221, Depository Credit Intermediation;
- 02Arranging loans for others on a commission or fee basis--are classified in Industry 522310, Mortgage and Nonmortgage Loan Brokers;
- 03Servicing loans or providing check cashing services--are classified in Industry 522390, Other Activities Related to Credit Intermediation;
- 04Providing credit sales by issuing credit cards--are classified in Industry 522210, Credit Card Issuing; and
- 05Factoring accounts receivables--are classified in U.S. Industry 522299, International, Secondary Market, and All Other Depository Credit Intermediation.
Index Items
Consumer finance companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans)
Consumer lending
Finance companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans)
Loan companies (i.e., consumer, personal, small, student)
Personal credit institutions (i.e., unsecured cash loans)
Personal finance companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans)
Small loan companies (i.e., unsecured cash loans)
Student loan companies
How Item Can Help
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Transportation Management Systems enable consumer lending firms to efficiently track and deliver physical loan-related goods like gold or real estate deeds to collateral locations, ensuring secure asset management throughout the lending lifecycle.
External Resources
Census.gov NAICS Detail
Official US Census Bureau definition and scope for NAICS 522291.
Consumer Lending Association
Trade association representing consumer lenders with regulatory resources and industry statistics.
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
US government agency providing consumer education and enforcement data for lending institutions.
Consumer Lending Association Directory
Directory listing over 300 consumer lending institutions for research and networking.
